Water Treatment Fundamentals
COURSE OUTCOMES, CONTENTS, AND SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL Water Sources Learning Outcomes Upon completion of this course, learners will be able to: Define… ✓ the main objective…
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COURSE OUTCOMES, CONTENTS, AND SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL Water Sources Learning Outcomes Upon completion of this course, learners will be able to: Define… ✓ the main objective…
✓ the main objective of water treatment
List…✓ steps of the hydrologic cycle
✓ types of surface water
✓ factors affecting lake management
✓ major sources of contamination in drinking water sources
✓ potential contaminating activities in the watershed
✓ the characteristics of an aquifer
✓ well components
✓ water rights applicable to surface water and groundwater
✓ causes of public water supply interruption
Describe…✓ the effects of seasonal changes on water reservoirs
✓ surface water reservoir stratification
✓ public health significance of water supply interruption
Explain…✓ how drinking water regulations are enforced
✓ groundwater under the influence of surface water
Use…✓ well terminologies
Calculate…✓ flow rates and water velocity
✓ volume of water in a storage facility
✓ well drawdown
✓ detention time
✓ amount of copper sulfate needed for lake treatment
✓ well specific capacity
Estimate…✓ water level in a storage tank or reservoir
Plan…✓ for water supply interruptions
Compare…✓ common water units (gallons per minute to cubic feet per second, etc)
Assess…✓ how reservoir intake level affects water quality
Table of Contents A. WHY TREAT WATER B. SOURCES OF WATER SUPPLY1. Surface Water
1.a. Types of Surface Water
1.b. Factors Affecting Lake Management
Computations in Lakes and Reservoirs Management
2. Groundwater
2.a. Characteristics of Aquifer Materials
2.b. Parts of a Well
2.c. Well Terminologies
2.d. Safeguards in Well Location and Construction
Computations in Well Operation
C. SANITARY SURVEY AND SANITARY CONSIDERATIONS1. Surface Water Sanitary Survey
2. Groundwater Sanitary Survey
D. WATER RIGHTS1. Surface Water Rights
2 Groundwater Rights
E. WATER SHORTAGES AND OUTAGES1. Causes of public water supply interruption
2. Public health significance of public water supply interruption
3. Short-term options for public water supply interruption
4. Long-term options public water supply interruption
5. Planning before disaster – preemptive moves.
5.a. Surface Water Systems.
5.b. Groundwater Systems.
WATER SOURCES QUIZ Computation Tables Water Sources Computation Tables Temperature Converter Areas and Volumes Flow Conversion✓ the main points of SDWA amendments
✓ drinking water regulations in chronological order
✓ maximum contaminant levels or action levels of regulated constituents
✓ contaminants with USEPA health advisories
✓ constituents with California-specific MCLs
✓ constituents with California-exclusive secondary MCLs
✓ the requirements specified in California Waterworks Standards
Recognize…✓ the requirements of SWTR and IESWTR
Define…✓ public water systems
✓ MCL, MCLG, and TT
Describe…✓ rule primacy
✓ potential health effects from exposures above the MCLs
✓ how California adopts MCLs
Explain…✓ why SDWA was created
✓ the purpose of Stage 1 and Stage 2 Disinfectants and Disinfection By-product Rules
✓ the purpose of Lead and Copper Rule
✓ the purpose of Groundwater Rule
✓ CCL and UCMR
✓ why notification levels are established
✓ the intention of Cryptosporidium Action Plan
Identify…✓ when SDWA was created
✓ recently established California notification levels
Interpret…✓ water quality reports relative to drinking water regulations
Apply…✓ the Filter Backwash Recycling Rule
Distinguish…✓ primary and secondary drinking water standards
Assess…✓ performance standards and removal requirements for surface water treatment
Table of Contents A. SAFE DRINKING WATER ACT (SDWA) B. FEDERAL DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS1. National Primary Drinking Water Regulations
1.a. Total Trihalomethanes
1.b. Fluoride
1.c. Phase I Standards
1.d. Total Coliform Rule
1.e. Surface Water Treatment Rule
1.f. Phase II Standards
1.g. Lead and Copper Rule
1.h. Phase V Standards
1.i. Stage 1 Disinfectants and Disinfection Byproducts Rule (D/DBP Rule)
1.j. Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (IESWTR)
1.k. Radionuclides Rule
1.l. Filter Backwash Recycling Rule
1.m. Arsenic Rule
1.n. Long Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (LT2ESWTR)
1.o. Stage 2 Disinfectants and Disinfection Byproducts Rule (D/DBP Rule)
1.p. Ground Water Rule
1.q. Revisions to Lead and Copper Rule
1.r. Airline Drinking Water Rule
1.s. Revised Total Coliform Rule
2. Secondary Drinking Water Regulations
3. Drinking Water Contaminant Candidate List/Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule
C. CALIFORNIA SPECIFIC DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS1. California-specific MCLs
2. Constituents with California Notification Levels
3. California-exclusive Secondary Maximum Contaminant Levels (SMCL)
4. California Waterworks Standards
5. Cryptosporidium Action Plan
OVERVIEW OF DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS QUIZ Computation Tables Temperature Converter Areas and Volumes Flow Conversion✓ the main categories of pathogenic organisms in raw water
Describe…✓ periodic table of elements
✓ atomic structure and states of matter
✓ acids, bases and salts
✓ the presence/absence microbiological test method
✓ the Revised Total Coliform Rule
Explain…✓ hydrogen ion concentration (pH)
Express…✓ results in significant figures
Identify…✓ chemicals that contribute alkalinity to water
✓ molecules, elements and compounds
✓ common microbial contaminants in raw water
Calculate…✓ percent weight of elements in a compound
✓ dilution factors
✓ chemical solution concentration
✓ stoichiometric quantities
✓ density and specific gravity
Use…✓ the multiple tube fermentation method for microbiological analysis of water sample
✓ the membrane filtration method for microbiological analysis of water sample
Interpret…✓ HPC (Heterotrophic Plate Count) results
Differentiate…✓ categories of chemical contaminants in drinking water
Distinguish…✓ between presumptive and confirmed coliform results
Compare…✓ approved analytical procedures for coliform analysis
Set-up…✓ chemical formulas and equations
✓ chemical reactions
Prepare…✓ solution dilutions
✓ chemical reagents
Table of Contents A. BASIC CHEMISTRY1. Matter
2. Atomic Structure
3. Periodic Table of Elements
4. Compounds and Molecules
5. Chemical Reactions
5.a. Ionic Bonds
5.b. Covalent Bonds
6. Chemical Formulas and Chemical Equations
7. Expression of Results and Significant Figures
7.a. Significant Figures and Rounding Off
8. Computation of Percent Weight of Elements in a Compound
9. Computation of Stoichiometric Quantities
10. Categories of Chemical Contaminants in Drinking Water
11. Solutions and Computation of Percent Strength
12. Density and Specific Gravity
13. Mixing and Dilution
14. Acids, Bases, and Salts
14.a. Preparation of uniform acid and base solutions
15. pH
16. Alkalinity
B. BASIC MICROBIOLOGY1. Pathogenic organisms
1.a. Bacteria
1.b. Viruses
1.c. Protozoans
2. Indicator organisms
3. Revised Total Coliform Rule
4. Coliform and Heterotrophic Plate Count Analysis
CHAPTER 3 QUESTIONS Computation Tables Basic Chemistry Computations Temperature Converter Areas and Volumes Flow Conversion✓ normal and abnormal floc formation
✓ abnormal conditions in a sedimentation basin
Define…✓ Van Der Waals forces and zeta potential
Describe…✓ the flash mixing process
✓ the coagulation and flocculation processes
✓ enhanced coagulation
✓ sedimentation basin operation
✓ the jar testing procedure
✓ the effects of tube and plate settlers
✓ the effects of sand-ballasted clarification
Compare…✓ chemical coagulants and coagulant aids
Interpret…✓ velocity gradient values
✓ zeta potential values
Calculate…✓ coagulant feed setting
✓ amount of alkalinity needed for reaction with coagulants
✓ detention time
✓ velocity gradient
✓ impeller speed
✓ power required and power imparted by mixers
✓ head loss and velocity in baffled flocculators
Set-up…✓ a jar test
Evaluate…✓ the effects of temperature, alkalinity and pH on flocculation
✓ abnormal conditions in a sedimentation basin
Table of Contents A. INTRODUCTION TO CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT PROCESS B. FLASH MIXING, COAGULATION, AND FLOCCULATION1. Rapid/Flash Mix
Computations in Rapid Mix Design
2. Coagulation
Computations in Coagulation Operation
3. Flocculation
Computations in Flocculator Design
4. Sedimentation/Clarification
Computations in Sedimentation Basin Design
5. Sedimentation Basin Operation
5.a. Sludge Removal System
5.b. Basin Operation
5.c. Monitoring the Process
5.d. Operating problems
5.e. Sludge disposal
C. JAR TESTINGComputations in Jar Testing
1. Jar Test Example
Flash Mixing, Coagulation, Flocculation and Sedimentation Questions Computation Tables Computations in Flash Mixing, Coagulation, Flocculation and Sedimentation Temperature Converter Areas and Volumes Flow Conversion✓ commonly used filter media types
✓ turbidity causing colloidal matter
✓ turbidity removal requirements
✓ turbidity removal mechanisms in a filter
✓ filter control equipment
Recognize…✓ problems in multimedia gravity filters
✓ maximum filtration rates
Explain…✓ head loss effects on filters
✓ filter run termination profiles
Describe…✓ modes of filter operation
✓ components of a gravity media filters
✓ backwash sequencing
✓ filter media characteristics and selection requirements
✓ air scouring and its effects
Interpret…✓ turbidity information
Calculate…✓ daily filter production
✓ filter production/run
✓ filter backwash rate
✓ filter aid dosage
✓ filtration rate
✓ filter loading rate
✓ unit filter run volume (UFRV)
✓ filter media effective size and L/d ratio
Analyze…✓ filter run profile
Set-up…✓ a filter assessment or surveillance program
Plan…✓ a comprehensive performance evaluation
Assess…✓ deteriorating filter performance
✓ normal and abnormal filter media conditions
Table of Contents A. Types of Filter1. Driving Force
1.a. Gravity filters
1.b. Pressure filters
2. Filtration Rate and Media Types
2.a. Slow sand filters
2.b. Rapid sand filters
2.c. High rate filters
2.d. Filter media selection for gravity filters
3. Direction of Flow
3.a. Downflow
3.b. Upflow
B. Filter Operation1. Effluent-Controlled Constant-Rate Submerged Inlet Constant Level Filter
2. Influent-Controlled Constant-Rate Variable Level Filter
3. Influent-Controlled Declining-Rate Variable Level Filter
4. Effluent-Controlled Declining-Rate Submerged Inlet Constant Level Filter
C. Filter Control Equipment D. Filter Run Profile E. Filter Backwashing F. Filter Operation Record Keeping G. Recognizing Problems in Multimedia Filter Operation H. Mathematics of Water FiltrationComputations in Filter Operation
FILTRATION QUESTIONS Computation Tables Computations in Filtration Temperature Converter Areas and Volumes Flow Conversion✓ common chlorine compounds used for disinfection
✓ properties of chlorine gas
✓ safety equipment used in handling chlorine gas
Define…✓ disinfection
✓ log removal requirements for conventional treatment
Explain…✓ disinfectant byproduct formation
✓ disinfection residual requirements
Describe…✓ equipment and appurtenances for feeding chlorine gas
✓ chlorine chemistry
✓ chloramine chemistry
✓ breakpoint chlorination chemistry
✓ the procedure to estimate acceptable chlorine residual levels to meet CT and minimize THM formation
Calculate…✓ log removal value and percent removal
✓ disinfectant dosage
✓ available disinfectant concentration
✓ chlorine demand and chlorine residual
✓ CT value
Apply…✓ disinfectant byproduct reduction procedures
Use…✓ safety precautions in handling chlorine cylinders
Compare…✓ effectiveness of different disinfectants in meeting CT requirements
Table of Contents A. Log inactivation or Log Removal1. Relationship between Log Removal and Percent Removal
B. Log Removal Requirements for Conventional Water Treatment1. SWTR/IESWTR Log Removal Requirements
C. Determining CT Compliance for Chlorine Disinfection1. Calculation of CT Ratio
D. Chlorine Chemistry1. Chlorine Gas
2. Hypochlorite
3. Control Tests
E. Properties of chlorine gas F. Safety precautions in handling chlorine gas cylinders1. Safety precautions in handling 150 lb cylinders
2. Safety precautions in handling ton (2,000 lb) cylinders
G. Equipment and Appurtenances for Feeding Chlorine Gas H. Safety Equipment✓ drinking water quality parameters that require monitoring and reporting
Describe…✓ laboratory quality assurance program
✓ laboratory safety practices
Explain…✓ drinking water laboratory certification process
✓ sample holding times
Identify…✓ routine sampling requirements
Interpret…✓ water quality characteristics
✓ water quality reports
✓ Maximum Contaminant Levels
Use…✓ chain of custody
✓ proper sampling and preservation techniques
Prepare…✓ an operational site sampling plan
Manage…✓ a regulatory compliance program
Set-up…✓ appropriate sample containers and sample sizes
Select…✓ a proper sampling site
Evaluate…✓ treatment facility performance
Table of Contents A. Laboratory Certification B. Quality Assurance and Quality Control C. Collection and Preservation of Water Samples1. Types of Samples
2. Chain-of-Custody Procedures
3. Sampling Methods
4. Sample Containers
5. Number of Samples
6. Sample Volumes
7. Sample Preservation and Storage
D. General Sample Collection Requirements E. Water Quality Parameters1. Physical and Aggregate Properties
1.a. Temperature
1.b. Color
1.c. Taste, Flavor, and Odor
1.d. Turbidity
1.e. Particle Counting and Size Distribution
1.f. Specific Conductance
1.g. Alkalinity
1.h. Hardness
1.i. Asbestos
1.j. Solids
2. Inorganic Constituents
2.a. Determining correctness of analysis
2.b. pH
3. Organic Contaminants
4. Microorganisms
5. Radionuclides
F. Treatment Process Monitoring1. Process Control Parameters
2. Langelier Saturation Index
G. Laboratory Safety DRINKING WATER QUALITY AND TREATMENT PROCESS MONITORING QUESTIONS Computation Tables Computations in Water Quality Parameters Temperature Converter Areas and Volumes Flow Conversion✓ major contributing constituents to water hardness
Describe…✓ iron and manganese removal techniques
✓ iron and manganese oxidation chemistry
✓ chemical softening processes
✓ Ion Exchange softening processes
Explain…✓ problems created by hard water
Recognize…✓ iron and manganese problem in treated water
Calculate…✓ hardness removal capacity of ion exchange resin
✓ ion exchange bypass flow rate
✓ amount of salt needed for ion exchange regeneration
✓ volume of water produced by ion exchange softening
✓ ion exchange resin service cycle time
Table of Contents A. Iron and Manganese Removal1. Precipitation
2. Ion Exchange
3. Lime-Soda Ash Softening
4. Sequestration
B. Water Softening1. Chemical Softening
1.a. Lime Softening
1.b. Lime-Soda Ash Softening
1.c. Caustic Soda Softening
1.d. Lime-Caustic Soda Softening
1.e. Stabilization of Softened Water
1.f. Computation of Alkalinity Added by Common Water Treatment Chemicals
2. Ion Exchange Softening
2.a. Types of Synthetic IX Resins
2.b. Operation of IX Processes
Computations in IX Operation
SPECIFIC WATER TREATMENT PROCESSES QUESTIONS Computation Tables Computations in Water Softening Temperature Converter Areas and Volumes Flow Conversion✓ the purpose and design considerations for water distribution systems
List…✓ pressure requirements for various flow conditions
✓ velocity requirements under normal and flushing operations
✓ factors for determining water quantity requirements
✓ regulations guiding water quality requirements
✓ major components of a distribution system
Describe…✓ piping systems
✓ types of pipe materials
✓ water distribution appurtenances
✓ types of pumps encountered in water systems
Calculate…✓ velocity and velocity head
✓ pressure and pressure head
✓ elevation head
✓ frictional head loss
✓ water horsepower
✓ brake horsepower
✓ motor horsepower
✓ pump efficiency
✓ pumping cost
✓ amount of disinfectant required for disinfection
Use…✓ pump performance curves
Table of Contents A. Purpose and Design Considerations for Water Distribution Systems1. Quantity Requirements
2. Pressure Requirements
3. Velocity Requirements
4. Water Quality Requirements
5. Piping Systems
6. Types of Pipe Materials
B. Appurtenances1. Fire Hydrants
2. Valves and Uses of Valves
3. Service Connections and Meters
C. Introduction to Hydraulics1. Water Flow in Pipes
1.a. Pressure
1.b. Pressure Head
1.c. Velocity
1.d. Velocity head
1.e. Elevation head
1.f. Friction head
2. Pumping
2.a. Pump Performance
2.b. Pump Characteristic Curve
D. Flushing of Water Mains1. Flushing Methods
E. Disinfection and Bacteriological Testing of Water Mains1. Disinfection
2. Bacteriological Testing
INTRODUCTION TO WATER DISTRIBUTION QUESTIONS Computation Tables Computations in Water Distribution Temperature Converter Areas and Volumes Flow ConversionThere was a problem reporting this post.
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